2019年上半年教师资格证考试《初中英语》试题

（一）

请阅读 Passage1，完成第21-25小题

Passage1

The brain is truly a marvel. a seemingly endless library， whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime's knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity？ In other words， can the brain be“full”？

The answer is a resounding no， because， well， brains are more sophisticated than that. a study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in， old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form.

Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting. But in this study， researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain.

The paper's authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that's very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge， and it's the stuff that crowds without being useful.

To do this， they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a“target” memory，that is， when we try to recall something very specific， at the same time as trying to member something similar （a“competing”memory）. Participants were taught to associate a single word （say， the word sand） with two different images -such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat.

They found that as the target memory was recalled more often， brain activity for it increased. Meanwhile， brain activity for the competing memory simultaneously weakened. This change was lost prominent in regions near the front of the brain， such as the prefrontal cortex， rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain， such as the hippocampus， which is traditionally associated with memory loss.

The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes， such as planning decision making， and selective retrieval of memory. Extensive research shows this part of the brain works in combination with the hippocampus to retrieve specific memories.

If the hippocampus is the search engine， the prefrontal cortex is the filter determining which memory is the most relevant. This suggests that storing information alone is not enough for a good memory. The brain also needs to be able to access the relevant information without being distracted by similar competing pieces of information.

In daily life， forgetting actually has clear advantages. Imagine， for instance， that you lost your bank card. The new card you receive will come with a new personal identification number（PIN）.Research in this field suggests that each time you remember the new PIN， you gradually forget old one. This process improves access to relevant information， without old memories interfering.

When we acquire new information， the brain automatically tries to incorporate it within existing information by forming associations. And when we retrieve information， both the desired and associated but irrelevant information is recalled.

The majority of previous research has focused on how we learn and remember new information， But current studies are beginning to place greater emphasis on the conditions under which we forget， as its importance begins to be more appreciated.

21、Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“resounding” in paragraph 2？

A.Definite

B.Repetitive

C.Echoing

D.Impressive

22、According to the passage， why can't our brain be“full”？  

A.It can forget what we want to remember

B.It can memorize what we want to remember

C.It can store limitless information like a library

D.It forgets the old information while absorbing the new

23、According to the passage， which part of our brain is traditionally considered to be fundamental to the formation of new memories？   

A.The frontal cortex

B.The middle of the brain

C.The prefrontal cortex

D.The back part of the brain

24、What is the main purpose of writing this article？     

A.To interpret why our memory loss occurs

B.To elaborate how we retrieve specific memories

C.To explain why our memory capacity seems to be limitless

D.To present the balance between remembering and forgetting

25、Which of the following is likely to be discussed in the subsequent study？

A.The influence of memory

B.The conditions related to forgetting

C.The ways used to prevent forgetting

D.The factors involved in memory formation

（二）

请阅读 Passage2，完成第26-30小题。

Passage2

For most American kids， it wouldn't be Halloween without trick-or-treating for candy； however， that wasn't always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s， children were given everything from homemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit， nuts， coins and toys. In the 1950s， candy manufacturers began to get in on the act and promote their products for Halloween， and as trick-or-treating became more popular， candy was increasingly regarded as an affordable， convenient offering. It wasn't until the 1970s， though， that wrapped factory-made candy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins that showed up on people's doorsteps. a key reason for this was safety， as parents feared that real-life boogeymen might tamper with goodies that weren't store-bought and sealed.

Today， when it comes to Halloween candy， a number of the most popular brands are enduring classics. For example， the first Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar was produced in 1900 and Hershey's Kisses made their debut in 1907. Company founder Milton Hershey was a pioneer in the mass production of milk chocolate and turned what previously had been a luxury item for the well-to-do into something affordable for average Americans. In the early 1900s， he also built an entire town，Hershey， Pennsylvania， around his chocolate factory. In 1917， Harry Burnett Reese moved to Hershey， where he was a dairyman for the chocolate company and later worked at its factory. Inspired by Milton Hershey's success， Reese， who eventually had 16 children， began making candies in his basement. In the mid-1920s， he built a factory of his own and produced an assortment of candies， including peanut butter cups， which he invented in 1928 and made with Hershey's chocolate. During World War IL， a shortage of ingredients led Reese to pull the plug on his other candies and focus on his most popular product， peanut butt cups. In 1963， Hershey acquired the H.B Reese Candy Company.

In 1923， a struggling， Minnesota-born candy maker， Frank Mars， launched the Milky Way bar， which became a best-seller. In 1930. he introduced the Snickers bar， reportedly named for his favorite horse， followed in 1932 by the 3 Musketeers bar. Frank's son Forrest eventually joined the company， only to leave after a falling out with his father. Forrest Mars relocated to England， where he created the Mars bar in the early 1930s. In 1941， he launched M&Ms. Mars anticipated that World War II would produce a cocoa shortage， so he partnered with Bruce Murrie， son of a Hershey executive， in order to have access to a sufficient supply of ingredients； the candy's name stands for Mars and Murrie.

Another crowd-pleasing Halloween candy， the Kit Kat bar， was first sold in England in 1935 as a Rowntree's Chocolate Crisp and in 1937 was rechristened the Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp. The name is said to be derived from a London literary and political group， the Kit-Cat （or Kit Kat） club， established in the late 17th century. The group's moniker is thought to be an abbreviation of the name of the man who owned the shop where the group originally gathered. Since 1988， the brand has been owned by Nestle， maker of another perennial trick-or-treat favorite， the Nestle Crunch bar， which debuted in the late 1930s.

26、What are the main features of Halloween candy in the 1970s？

A.Safe， wrapped and factory-made

B.Original， homemade and expensive

C.Delicious， manufactured and expensive

D.Convenient， homemade and inexpensive

27、Who does the underlined word“boogeymen”in Paragraph I refer to？

A.Evil spirits haunting kids

B.People with evil intentions.

C.Kids in Halloween costumes.

D.Candy makers and store keepers

28、Which of the following correctly describes Milton Hershey？     

A.He mass-produced milk chocolate bars for the wealthy

B.He duplicated the brand of Hershey's Kisses in 1907 for Halloween

C.He employed Harry Burnett Reese who later founded his own company

D.He encouraged Forrest Mars and Bruce Murrie to jointly produce M&Ms

29、How was the name “Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp” derived？

A.It was renamed by Nestle， another maker of the Halloween candies

B.It was borrowed from the name of Rowntree's Chocolate Crisp

C.It was named after a London literary and political group

D.It was abbreviated from the name of a shop owner

30、What is the passage mainly about？

A.The names and brands of Halloween candies

B.The origin and history of Halloween candies

C.The popularity and fame of Halloween candies

D.The consumers and manufacturers of Halloween candies