2019年国家开发银行招聘考试题

DrGuneswilloutlinehowHRIworks.Shesaysithastobebelievableinordertobeeffective.Thatmeansrobots’appearanceisveryimportant.Thisiswhathasdriventhedevelopmentofhumanoidrobotswitharmsandaspectsofahumanfacewhichcanbehaveinahuman-likeway,forinstance,movingtheirarms,legsandeyes.However,moreimportantthanappearanceistheirbehaviourandemotionalexpressivity.DrGunesreferstothewaywerelatetoDisney’sanimatedcharacters.“Peoplebelieveinthembecausetheycanportrayemotion,”shesays.(4)

Toachieveexpressivityrequiresanunderstandingofhowhumanemotionsareportrayedandtriggered.Scientistshavebeenworkingonartificialemotionalintelligencewhichenablesnewtechnologysuchasembodiedagentsandrobotstobothexpressanddetectemotions,understandingnon-verbalcues.DrGunescitestheworkofCharlesDarwinonthevisualnatureofemotionsandhowtheycanbemappedtovariouschangesinfacialexpressions.(5)

Herresearchinvestigateshowhumanoidscanbeprogrammednotonlytoextractandrespondtofacialcluestoemotions,butalsotounderstandthecontextinwhichthoseemotionsareexpressed.Thatmeanstheywillbeabletoofferaresponsethatissensitivetospecificcontexts.(6)

Willrobotseverbeabletohaveemotionsthemselvesthough?DrGunessaysthereisnoreasonwhynotandquestionswhatemotionsare.Theprocessofworkingwithrobotsonartificialemotionalintelligenceunpicksthenatureofouremotions,showingthemtobealayeringofdifferentgoals,experiencesandstimuli.(7)

Anotherareawhichscientistsarelookingatintheirquesttoimprovehumanoids’believabilityispersonality.DrGuneshasdonealotofworkonpersonalityintelepresencerobotics,robotscontrolledremotelybyahuman—akindof3Davatar.Thesecanbeusedinmanyways,forinstance,bymedicalstafftoofferremotehomecare.Themedicalpersoncanbebasedanywhereandoperatetherobotthroughavirtualheadset.DrGunesisinterestedinhowpeoplereacttotheteleoperator(thehumancontrollingtherobotremotely)whoispresentinrobotform.Onceagain,boththerobot’sphysicalappearanceandbehaviourareimportantandresearchshowsthattheirpersonalityneedstobetaskdependent.(8)

DrGunessaysthereremainsomebigchallengesforscientistsworkingonHRI,includinghowtoprocessandcombineallthedifferentdatatheyaregathering,howtomodifytheirappearanceandbehaviourdynamically,andhowtokeeptheirpowergoing24/7.Themajorchallenges,however,aretodowithbreakingdownsomeofthemythsandfearspeoplehaveabouthumanoids.(9)

Partofthisisbecausetheydon’tunderstandthebenefitshumanoidrobotscanbringandwhy,forinstance,theyneedtotakeonahumanformandunderstandemotions.Shesayshumanoidscanbepositiveintermsofincreasingtrustandengagementamongcertaingroups,suchastheelderly;thathumanstendstoanthropomorphisetechnologyinanyevent;andthatrobotscanbeprogrammedtobelimitedtopositiveemotionsthatpromotealtruism.(10)

“Peopletendtoloveorhaterobots,buttheydon’treallyknowalotaboutthem,”saysDrGunes.“Theymainlyknowofthemfromsci-fimoviesorNetflix.Theyneedtobedemystifiedandopenedupsopeopleunderstandthemandareabletoquestionthescience,coderobotsandseeforthemselveshowtheywork.Inthefuturepeoplewillbeabletoadaptandpersonalisetheirrobotsliketheydotheirphones.Theywillbeascommonassmartphonesandwilloperatewithhumans,predictingtheirneeds.Therewillbeaformofco-evolution.”(11)

Sheadds:“Understandingrobotswillempowerpeoplesotheycanhelptoshapethemtodogood.Thepublicisusuallyonthereceivingendofnewtechnology.Demystifyingrobotsgivespeoplebackthepowertopushforchangeandcreatetherobotstheywant.”(12)

41、Whatisthemainideaofhisarticle?

A、Withthedevelopmentofhumanrobotinteraction,robotsaenowabletocommunicatewithhumansinaneffectiveway.

B、Scientistshavemanychallengesindevelopingrobots,suchashowtomodifytheirappearanceandbehavior.

C、Humanemotionsenablerobotstowinthetrustfromhuman,especiallytheelderlyandchildren.

D、Itisimportanttohelppeopleunderstandrobotsinordertodeveloprobotstohumanneeds.

42、DrGunessays“weneedtomovebeyondsensationalistportrayalsofhuman-likerobots”(Paragraph3),becauseshebelievesthat.

A、itisnotmeaningfulforrobotstohavetheappearanceofhuman

B、peoplewhomaketheappearanceofrobotsveryhuman-likeshouldbeblamed

C、peopleneedtopaymoreattentiontothedevelopmentofrobots’functions

D、theappearanceofrobotshasbecomemoreandmoreemotional

43、AccordingtoDrGunes,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutrobotsandhumanemotions?

A、Itisimportantforrobotstolearnaboutthecontextsoastounderstandhumanemotions.

B、Whetherhumanoidswillhavehumanemotionsthemselvesstillremainsunclear.

C、Itisastigmaforrobotstohavedifferentlayersofhumanemotions.

D、Thenatureofhumanemotionswillhinderthedevelopmentofhumanoids.

44、Whatdoestheword“anthropomorphise”meaninParagraph10?

A、Toenablerobotstoservehumans.

B、Todecreasehumansfearaboutrobots.

C、Tomakerobotsmorehuman-like.

D、Toequiprobotswithhumanemotions.

45、Whichwordbestdescribesthetoneofthisarticle?

A、Neutral

B、Positive

C、Negative

D、Critical

材料

Italy'snextgovernment,acoalitionbetweenthepopulistFiveStarMovementandthefarrightNorthernLeague,isgivinginvestorsplentytoworryabout.Leakedplans,hastilyabandoned,suggesteditmightwanttoleavetheeuroorasktheEuropeanCentralBanktoforgive€250bn($292bn)ofItaliandebt.ButlessattentionhasbeenpaidtowhatitmightmeanforItalianbanks,andinparticularfortheirbiggestburden:non-performingloans(NPLs).Over€185bnofNPLswereoutstandingattheendof2017,themostforanycountryintheEuropeanUnion.(1)

BycomparisonwithGreecewhereNPLsare45%ofloans,Italylooksmanageablewithjust11.1%.Andithasmadeprogress:inlate2015NPLswere16.8%ofloans.Butanywildpolicylurcheswouldputthatprogressinquestion.Thecleanupofbanks’bookshasreliedonopennesstoforeigninvestors.HugevolumesofNPLs(€37bnin2016andover€47bnin2017,accordingtoDeloitte,aconsultancy)havebeensoldbybanks,oftentospecialistAmericanhedgefundslikeCerberusCapitalManagementorFortress.(2)